Old World vs. New World
Anyone getting into wine will at some point in time come across the idea that there are two broad “worlds” of wine—the old world and the new world. These distinctions are made across many areas of study—foodstuffs and monkeys for example. To talk about the differences in wines between old and new world we must first define them. The old world, in wine, is Europe and the new world is everywhere else. The classic old world countries are France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Austria, Hungary and Greece. The new world wine countries are the U.S., Australia, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. The differences between the two are not of grape type (all use old world grapes) but of tradition and wine making style.
Wine began, as we know it, in antiquity, and was propagated across Europe by the Romans thousands of years ago. The lands the Romans brought vines to developed into nations that produce the bulk of wine in the world today. France, Italy and Spain dominate the production and export of wines in the world. Each country has eons of tradition behind their winemaking. Tradition in wine is all about matching the right grape to the right place; then developing ways to make the wine better through viniculture and viticulture, vineyard management and fermentation techniques, respectively.
Producers in the old world have had generations to make these wine making choices and have developed what we now understand as traditional practices for making wine which carry on to the present day. The new world has had much less time for these developments to take place. Remember, wine making is a long process: it can take ten years before a vine is producing good fruit and another two or three years before a wine is even ready to drink. Given the shortened time period, the new world has made great progress in figuring out which grapes to grow where, classic examples are Sauvignon Blanc in Marlborough, New Zealand; Cabernet Sauvignon in Napa Valley and Pinot Noir in Willamette Valley, Oregon.
Apart from the process of finding the right sites for the right grapes, what we can think of as tradition, the largest overall difference in old vs. new world wine is the style in which the wines are made. Very broadly speaking there are three areas of difference: fermentation and storage vessels, fermentation temperatures and ripeness which all add up to different perceived flavors in the final wine.
Generally, new world producers use much more neutral fermentation tanks, stainless steel, which impart almost no flavor to the wines. In the old world, fermentation is carried out in wood, and depending on the size of the tank and the age of the wood, can result in more austere wines.
Old world producers tend to ferment their wines at a higher fermentation temperature and leave the wine resting on the mashed up grapes (called maceration) for longer than new world producers. These production choices will leave the wines with more tannins, which will give more complexity—but will also require longer aging periods. New world producers tend to shy away from these choices because their goal is to make a wine that can be consumed relatively quickly, that is without needing extended aging.
Producers from both old and new world use oak barrels to age their wines—both red and white, though a minority of white wines get barrel aging. New world producers tend to use new oak and American oak while old world producers choose smaller French oak. New world vineyards are often much warmer than old world ones, and therefore new world wines tend get riper. This ripeness leads to higher sugar contents and thus higher alcohol levels.
To summarize: old world wines are about expressing terrior and vineyard location, with emphasis on earth and wood flavors. New world wines are about expressing the grape varietal with emphasis on fruit flavors and texture. New world wines feature the wine maker prominently and old world wines feature the terrior—the soil and climate—prominently. Dry and earthy is old world style, while rich and fruity is new world style. Finally, new world producers label their wines with the grape used to make it, while old world producers generally label their wines with the region its from—and expect the consumer to know what grape is grown in that region.
